Hello my name and is Kylemy partner is Michael.I'm in the Apache group doing what the Apache are famous for: Weapons and Warfare! Apaches used bows, arrows and lances. In war, Apache men fired their bows or fought with spears and buffalo-hide shields. The horse was their biggest weapon and gave them an advantage against the other tribes who didn't have horses. Apaches were mounted warriors- they loved their horses and rifles. One of the ways that they were so good at fighting is that they always stole stuff from the Spanish, Mexicans, and other Indians. For example they raided other peoples properties and stole guns, horses and food. Soon they got really good a using weapons, that not even the Europeans could defeat them! They were the toughest tribe ever to set foot in America, or at least that's what I think. There were a lot of wars between the Apache and the Spanish, Apaches and Comanches, and the Apaches and the US Army. Finally they were defeated by the US Army. Later though, Apache Native Americans fought for the USA- in World War I, World War II, and even the Vietnam War! A monument in Lawrence, Kansas called "Comrade in Mourning" honors the Apache killed in World War II:
Comrade in Mourning http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2004/mar/17/haskell_to_loan/ This is a preview for the famous 1954 movie called Apache. It is about the surrender of Geronimo.
It is old so it has many stereotypes of Native Americans, but if you can forgive that, it is still an exciting movie!
Tools and Weapons of War:
Apache headdresses, war clubs and spears.
Apaches were known to use a lot of war tools- and use them very effectively! They had a constant supply of tools as they were so good at raiding and getting more. Usually when an Apache went to war he would bring knives, a couple war clubs, a spear, shield, powder horn, bullet pouch, and finally, a horse. They traveled light because there were usually supplies and wood around to gather. The main weapons they stole from the Spanish were: the pistol, rifle, and horse.
Camouflage:
Apaches were really good at blending with their surroundings. They could become almost invisible! A man namedJohn C. Cremony lived with the Apaches and wrote the book Life Among the Apaches. In his book he tells how an Apache can cover himself with grass and make himself invisible in a field. Cremony saw an Apache called Quick Killer do this and Cremony was amazed. Cremony also wrote that Apache could cover himself with a gray blanket and with a sprinkling of dust appear to be a granite boulder! There are stories that Geronimo stood still next to a mountain while U.S. cavalry troops rode right past without seeing him.
Spear:
Apache chief with spear and shield
The spear was one of the oldest Apache weapons used as a tool for both hunting animals and enemies. But when guns came along, they used the spears less.
Knife:
Apache knife
The knife was probably the most used weapon and tool because it could be used for anything from skinning to hunting to war. The Apache always carried a sheathed knife into war along with some other knives. A knife is what they would use when in close hand to hand combat with their enemy.
Bow and Arrow:
bow and arrow
Apache arrowheads
Apache poison arrowhead
For those in close contact with the Spanish and the succeeding colonial settlements, metal soon replaced stone in arrowheads. Metal arrowheads were common in the Southwest after United States Army brought metal which came along with the military supply wagons. Metal arrow points become an increasingly common part of the archaeological record after 1600. Early metal points were made from spoon handles, knives, wagon wheel hoops, and other flat pieces of iron. By the mid-1800s, Apache, Navajo, Comanche, Ute and other mobile horse-mounted fighters were using chisels and tin snips to cut out arrow points to re-arm themselves during quick raids and hunting trips. A few metal points are held now in private collections.
For hunting animals, the Apache arrowheads were just plain sharp. For hunting people, though, the Apache would poison the tips of their arrowheads with a mixture of poisons from rattlesnakes, tarantulas and scorpions!!
War Club (Apache Tomahawk):
Ceremonial Apache War Club
Many Native American Nations used Tomahawks which look like small axes. But the Apache used something slightly different- they were especially known to use War Club. It was easy to make and deadly. Basically it was simply a rock tied to the end of a pipe. The rock could be tied loosely or tightly. Sometimes the rock was covered with cloth and sometimes not. They would use this weapon to swing down on an enemy.. but also upward to smash into their face! The one pictured above has lots of feathers for a fancy war ceremony, but I made a more plain one for my example artifact.
Horse:
Apache on Horses
The Apache got horses from the Spanish after 1700. They began to use horses not just for transportation, but as a weapon. Now they could ride fast, and attack from up high at great speed, and run away fast. This was a huge help when they wanted to do raids and attacks on enemies! Also, stealing their enemies’ horses was a great “weapon”- now their enemies were stranded on foot!
Pistol/ Rifle:
Pistol
Rifle
The Apache also learned quickly how to use the guns brought by the Spanish and later the US Army… and turn them against their attackers. They were so good at raiding and stealing, that it was easy to always get new guns and bullets.
The Great Apache Warriors:
Apache Scouts:
Special training The best of the Apache were selected to be Apache Scouts. The traditional Apache Scouts were members of secret societies within various clans of the tribe. Only Lipan, Chiricahua, and Mescalero Apaches had Scout societies. The Scouts' original purpose was to protect the clan's people from enemies, and to locate game and new campsites. The Scouts trained their own clansmen in an intense process that lasted over 10 years! Young children within the clan would be closely observed by current Scouts and elders. Those who showed promise in skills- such as awareness, tracking and hunting, physical fitness, and selflessness- would be selected to undergo the training process. Training included advanced techniques of camouflage, and invisibility as well as of observation and stalking. These skills led to their nicknames as "shadow people" and "ghosts". The scouts became masters of wilderness survival, excelling beyond the skills of the regular clansmen. This was necessary, for they often had to leave the clan for extended periods of time with little more than knives. Also, scouts were taught a highly complex system of tracking, utilizing miniature topographic features within each footprint. These features could tell the trackers anything from the speed at which the animals were moving , to the directions the animal (or human) were looking at the times they left the track. Some tracking experts say that scout-trained trackers could know whether the makers were hungry pregnant, or had to urinate, and to what degree!
Famous Fighters:
Geronimo
Geronimo: Geronimo was the most famous Apache leader; he never gave up on fighting to keep his people free. He married a woman from the Chiricahua band of Apache when he was 17; they had three children. On March 5, 1851, 400 Mexican soldiers attacked Geronimo's camp while the men were in town trading. Among those killed were Geronimo's wife, Alope, his children, and his mother. His chief, Mangas Coloradas, sent him to Cochise's band for help in revenge against the Mexicans. It was the Mexicans who named him Geronimo. This name came from a battle in which he repeatedly attacked Mexican soldiers with a knife, ignoring a deadly hail of bullets, in reference to the Mexicans' pleas to Saint Jerome ("Jeronimo!"). .Mangas Coloradas (Red Sleeves) became principal chief and war leader and began a series of retaliatory raids against the Mexicans. Apache raids on Mexican villages were so numerous and brutal that no area was safe.
While Geronimo said he was never a chief, he was a military leader. As a Chiricahua Apache, this meant he was also a spiritual leader (war shaman) who was recognized for holding and using specific supernatural "powers". Among these were the ability to walk without leaving tracks; the abilities now known as telekinesis and telepathy; and the ability to survive gunshot (rifle/musket, pistol, and shotgun). Geronimo was wounded numerous times by both bullets and buckshot, but survived. Warriors who followed him offered first-hand eye-witness testimony regarding his many "powers" while on the warpath. They said that this was the main reason why so many chose to follow him (because he was favored by/protected by, "Usen", the Apache high-god). Geronimo's "powers" were considered to be so great that he personally painted the faces of the warriors who followed him to reflect their protective capacities. The well-known white stripe across the face and over the nose, and the red dot or circle on the forehead were Geronimo's personal war paint pattern which can be seen on some of his warriors in the photos taken of them before their last surrender.
After years of chasing, Geronimo officially surrendered to General Miles on September 4, 1886 at Skeleton Canyon, Arizona. Geronimo and other warriors were sent as prisoners to Fort Pickens, Florida, and his family was sent to Fort Marion. They were reunited in May 1887, when they were transferred to Mount Vernon Barracks in Alabama for five years. In 1894, they were moved to Fort Sill, Oklahoma. In his old age, Geronimo became a celebrity. He appeared at fairs, including the 1904 World's Fair in St. Louis, and sold souvenirs and photographs of himself. However, he was not allowed to return to the land of his birth. He also rode in President Theodore Roosevelt's 1905 inaugural parade.
Geronimo died of pneumonia on February 17, 1909, in US custody at Fort Sill, Oklahoma, and was buried at the Apache Indian Prisoner of War Cemetery there.
Cochise (say it ko-CHEECE)
Cochise: was one of the most famous Apache leaders (along with Geronimo) to resist intrusions by Americans during the 19th century. He was described as a large man (for the time), with a muscular frame, classical features, and long black hair which he wore in traditional Apache style. Cochise's family currently resides at Mescalero Apache Reservation, New Mexico
Mangas (this is actually the son of Mangas Coloradas as there are no known pictures of him)
Mangas Coloradas: (His name means red sleeves): Mangas was a war leader; he began a series of revenge raids against the Mexicans. He was an Apache tribal chief and a member of the Eastern Chiricahua nation, whose homeland stretched west from the Rio Grande to include most of what is present-day southwestern New Mexico. He is regarded by many historians to be one of the most important Native American and Apache leaders of the 19th century due to his fighting achievements against White intruders from the United States.
Victorio
Victorio: Victorio was another famous Apache. In his twenties, he began to ride with Geronimo and other Apache leaders. Victorio was known as an intelligent and feared fighter. He proved his military cunning by leading small groups of warriors - often consisting of no more than 35 to 50 fighters - in triumphant resistance to American and Mexican troops. In October of 1880 he was eventually captured by Mexican soldiers at Tres Castillos in the state of Chihuahua in Mexico. Killing himself, rather than letting his enemies take him alive, Victorio left behind the legacy of his resistance to the forced movement of Native Americans onto reservations.
Lozen
Lozen: (Victorio's sister) As one of the greatest female fighters of all time, Lozen was the bravest Apache maiden. Because she was the sister of the great Victorio, she was given more freedom than many of the other Apache women to do what she wanted. So, as a girl, Lozen learned to ride and rope as well as any of the men, and she soon gained the reputation as the best horse-handler in the tribe. It was this skill that made Lozen so valuable in battle. One of the most important objectives of the Apache raids was to steal the horses of the enemy, and Lozen was a master at stampeding and capturing the panicked animals during the heat of battle. Off the battlefield, she also became respected as a loyal protector of her people. One legend tells of the time that she was stranded with a young mother and child in enemy territory, and, rather than ride away to safety, spent months guarding the pair and leading them back to safer soil. As Lozen aged, she became an acknowledged leader of the tribe, and her opinion was particularly respected in matters related to upcoming battle plans.
Hunting
The Apache hunted many different animals. Their main sources were bison, rabbits, and deer. They would do something like a horse drive- by, riding on horses while hitting them with spears and arrows. They ate the meat and used the skin for bedding and tepees.
Deer were the hardest to kill. They would crawl through tall grass or weeds and swiftly kill several deer before the deer could react. The flesh was packed and dried and would stay preserved for many months, while the skin was soaked with water and ashes to be made soft for clothing.
By rivers many wild turkeys lived. They would ride in and herd the turkeys and then kill them with short spears or hunting clubs. They could get several turkeys at once, as many as their horse could carry.
Their horses were also trained to follow a rabbit at warp speed and then the Indian would hit it with a club and kill it. They were used for meat but not hunted often due to their small size.
Though many fish lived in the rivers, the Apache did not eat them. They were thought to be unclean along with snakes and amphibians, so they were used as target practice =(
They also hunted eagles which were very hard to hunt because of their sharp eyes and wings. They had to be sneaky and quiet because an eagle did not stay in the same place for a very long time unless it had a good view of the surrounding landscape, so they had to kill it quickly with a spear or arrow. The feathers were used in arrows and the eagle was an essential animal in Apache life.
Bears and mountain lions were also hunted for meat and skins. There was no great risk in killing them and most of them were killed with arrows or spears.
Annotated Bibliography
Books from the Classroom:
Englar, Mary. The Apache: Nomadic Hunters of the Southwest. Capstone Press, 2003. This book is a good book for hunting information, but it didn’t have much on warfare. Gaines, Richard M. The Apache. ABDO Publishing, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 2000. I actually found this book at the SCIS library. This book was a great resource. Great information on all areas of Apache life and easy to read with good pictures. It had the best picture of weapons- including the Apache war club! McCall, Barbara A. The Apaches. Rourke Publications, Vero Beach, Florida, 1990. This one had enough info on the Apache wars, and it was a good book . Santella, Andrew. The Apache. Children’s Press, New York, 2001. This was a good overview, but needs more on warfare. Worth, Richard. The Apache. Berkeley Heights, Elementary, 2005. This book told me about the Apache history and about their customs. It was also where I learned about the statue called 'Comrade in Mourning'. This book has tons of stuff on Apache war and weapons!
Websites:
General Apache Information
http://impurplehawk.com/aplife.htmlThis website has excellent information from an actual Apache Indian about his daily life and his tribe's games, rituals, and hunting. I would recommend this to Vico. It has information on how he killed animals and how to play numerous games. http://www.desertusa.com/ind1/du_peo_apache.html Good information about what we know and what is still a mystery about the Apaches. Plus, a really detailed description of different Apache groups. http://www.answers.com/topic/apache This site has information about everything Apache. This had a great section on hunting- but only 2 sentences on trading and raiding! http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/society/A0804326.html This site explains what people are considered part of the Apache Nation and which people are not. It also tells you where they lived, plus general stuff about who the Apache were. I learned that The Navajo were once part of the Western Apache. http://www.crystalinks.com/apache.html Map and description of different groups in the Apache Nation. http://nativeamericans.mrdonn.org/southwest/apache.html Great information for kids about the Apache in general and Geronimo. Even some Apache games! http://www.regenerationreservation.org/reghistory.htm Overview of Apache history of battles and reservations. I used the beginning of this article to figure out if Navajo were part of the Apache. It says they decided on a different way of life and became separate from the Apaches. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Apache This site has information about everything Apache. It is a giant encyclopedia article. http://genealogytrails.com/ariz/indians.html This site tries to trace who were the Apaches and their sub-groups. Some really good information about their social customs.. But too hard to read! http://www.discoverseaz.com/History/Apaches.html This site had some good quotes from John Cremony’s famous 1868 book called Life among the Apaches. He tells great details of how they hunted and fought enemies. http://www.legendsofamerica.com/nm-fortbayard.html This was an old fort set up to stop the Indians. I looked it up because Victorio attacked it. http://www.forttours.com/pages/forthuachuca.asp Another fort set up in Arizona to protect against Indian attacks. This is the place where General Miles lived- Geronimo surrender to him. It has good museum where you can see artifacts too. http://www.indigenous-art.com/apacheinfo.html General information about who the Apache were. http://www.kingdomflight.org/apacheInfo.htm Overview of the White Mountain Apache, and what has happened to them today. I used this for general idea of who Apache were. This site wants you to help them. http://www.watchtower.org/e/19980308/article_01.htm How the Apache have suffered and how to help them today. Interesting part about whether they ever scalped or whether they did it first. http://www.indiancircle.com/links.shtml Lists tribes recognized by the US government and those that have websites. I used this to see how many Apache group are out there and to go to their websites. http://www.wmat.us/wmaculture.shtml An Apache museum. http://www.archive.org/details/lifeamongapaches00cremrich Summary of probably the greatest book ever written about the Apache except the one by Geronimo himself. This site has a summary of John Cremony’s 1868 book Life among the Apaches. http://www.mce.k12tn.net/indians/reports2/apache2.htm This site was made by other 5 and 6th graders at another school so maybe it is not that great. They did not fill in the tools and weapons part ! But they did say the Apache did not have horses before 1700 which is what I was looking hard for.
Table of Contents
Slow War Dance - Native American Indian
Warfare
Hello my name and is Kyle my partner is Michael.I'm in the Apache group doing what the Apache are famous for: Weapons and Warfare! Apaches used bows, arrows and lances. In war, Apache men fired their bows or fought with spears and buffalo-hide shields. The horse was their biggest weapon and gave them an advantage against the other tribes who didn't have horses. Apaches were mounted warriors- they loved their horses and rifles. One of the ways that they were so good at fighting is that they always stole stuff from the Spanish, Mexicans, and other Indians. For example they raided other peoples properties and stole guns, horses and food. Soon they got really good a using weapons, that not even the Europeans could defeat them! They were the toughest tribe ever to set foot in America, or at least that's what I think. There were a lot of wars between the Apache and the Spanish, Apaches and Comanches, and the Apaches and the US Army. Finally they were defeated by the US Army. Later though, Apache Native Americans fought for the USA- in World War I, World War II, and even the Vietnam War! A monument in Lawrence, Kansas called "Comrade in Mourning" honors the Apache killed in World War II:Comrade in Mourning
http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2004/mar/17/haskell_to_loan/
This is a preview for the famous 1954 movie called Apache. It is about the surrender of Geronimo.
It is old so it has many stereotypes of Native Americans, but if you can forgive that, it is still an exciting movie!
Tools and Weapons of War:
Apache headdresses, war clubs and spears.
Apaches were known to use a lot of war tools- and use them very effectively! They had a constant supply of tools as they were so good at raiding and getting more. Usually when an Apache went to war he would bring knives, a couple war clubs, a spear, shield, powder horn, bullet pouch, and finally, a horse. They traveled light because there were usually supplies and wood around to gather. The main weapons they stole from the Spanish were: the pistol, rifle, and horse.
Camouflage:
Apaches were really good at blending with their surroundings. They could become almost invisible! A man named John C. Cremony lived with the Apaches and wrote the book Life Among the Apaches. In his book he tells how an Apache can cover himself with grass and make himself invisible in a field. Cremony saw an Apache called Quick Killer do this and Cremony was amazed. Cremony also wrote that Apache could cover himself with a gray blanket and with a sprinkling of dust appear to be a granite boulder! There are stories that Geronimo stood still next to a mountain while U.S. cavalry troops rode right past without seeing him.
Spear:
The spear was one of the oldest Apache weapons used as a tool for both hunting animals and enemies. But when guns came along, they used the spears less.Knife:
Apache knife
The knife was probably the most used weapon and tool because it could be used for anything from skinning to hunting to war. The Apache always carried a sheathed knife into war along with some other knives. A knife is what they would use when in close hand to hand combat with their enemy.Bow and Arrow:
bow and arrow
Apache arrowheads
Apache poison arrowhead
For those in close contact with the Spanish and the succeeding colonial settlements, metal soon replaced stone in arrowheads. Metal arrowheads were common in the Southwest after United States Army brought metal which came along with the military supply wagons. Metal arrow points become an increasingly common part of the archaeological record after 1600. Early metal points were made from spoon handles, knives, wagon wheel hoops, and other flat pieces of iron. By the mid-1800s, Apache, Navajo, Comanche, Ute and other mobile horse-mounted fighters were using chisels and tin snips to cut out arrow points to re-arm themselves during quick raids and hunting trips. A few metal points are held now in private collections.
For hunting animals, the Apache arrowheads were just plain sharp. For hunting people, though, the Apache would poison the tips of their arrowheads with a mixture of poisons from rattlesnakes, tarantulas and scorpions!!War Club (Apache Tomahawk):
Ceremonial Apache War Club
Many Native American Nations used Tomahawks which look like small axes. But the Apache used something slightly different- they were especially known to use War Club. It was easy to make and deadly. Basically it was simply a rock tied to the end of a pipe. The rock could be tied loosely or tightly. Sometimes the rock was covered with cloth and sometimes not. They would use this weapon to swing down on an enemy.. but also upward to smash into their face! The one pictured above has lots of feathers for a fancy war ceremony, but I made a more plain one for my example artifact.Horse:
Apache on Horses
The Apache got horses from the Spanish after 1700. They began to use horses not just for transportation, but as a weapon. Now they could ride fast, and attack from up high at great speed, and run away fast. This was a huge help when they wanted to do raids and attacks on enemies! Also, stealing their enemies’ horses was a great “weapon”- now their enemies were stranded on foot!Pistol/ Rifle:
Pistol
Rifle
The Apache also learned quickly how to use the guns brought by the Spanish and later the US Army… and turn them against their attackers. They were so good at raiding and stealing, that it was easy to always get new guns and bullets.The Great Apache Warriors:
Apache Scouts:
Special trainingThe best of the Apache were selected to be Apache Scouts. The traditional Apache Scouts were members of secret societies within various clans of the tribe. Only Lipan, Chiricahua, and Mescalero Apaches had Scout societies. The Scouts' original purpose was to protect the clan's people from enemies, and to locate game and new campsites.
The Scouts trained their own clansmen in an intense process that lasted over 10 years! Young children within the clan would be closely observed by current Scouts and elders. Those who showed promise in skills- such as awareness, tracking and hunting, physical fitness, and selflessness- would be selected to undergo the training process.
Training included advanced techniques of camouflage, and invisibility as well as of observation and stalking. These skills led to their nicknames as "shadow people" and "ghosts". The scouts became masters of wilderness survival, excelling beyond the skills of the regular clansmen. This was necessary, for they often had to leave the clan for extended periods of time with little more than knives.
Also, scouts were taught a highly complex system of tracking, utilizing miniature topographic features within each footprint. These features could tell the trackers anything from the speed at which the animals were moving , to the directions the animal (or human) were looking at the times they left the track. Some tracking experts say that scout-trained trackers could know whether the makers were hungry pregnant, or had to urinate, and to what degree!
Famous Fighters:
Geronimo:
Geronimo was the most famous Apache leader; he never gave up on fighting to keep his people free. He married a woman from the Chiricahua band of Apache when he was 17; they had three children. On March 5, 1851, 400 Mexican soldiers attacked Geronimo's camp while the men were in town trading. Among those killed were Geronimo's wife, Alope, his children, and his mother. His chief, Mangas Coloradas, sent him to Cochise's band for help in revenge against the Mexicans. It was the Mexicans who named him Geronimo. This name came from a battle in which he repeatedly attacked Mexican soldiers with a knife, ignoring a deadly hail of bullets, in reference to the Mexicans' pleas to Saint Jerome ("Jeronimo!").
.Mangas Coloradas (Red Sleeves) became principal chief and war leader and began a series of retaliatory raids against the Mexicans. Apache raids on Mexican villages were so numerous and brutal that no area was safe.
While Geronimo said he was never a chief, he was a military leader. As a Chiricahua Apache, this meant he was also a spiritual leader (war shaman) who was recognized for holding and using specific supernatural "powers". Among these were the ability to walk without leaving tracks; the abilities now known as telekinesis and telepathy; and the ability to survive gunshot (rifle/musket, pistol, and shotgun). Geronimo was wounded numerous times by both bullets and buckshot, but survived. Warriors who followed him offered first-hand eye-witness testimony regarding his many "powers" while on the warpath. They said that this was the main reason why so many chose to follow him (because he was favored by/protected by, "Usen", the Apache high-god). Geronimo's "powers" were considered to be so great that he personally painted the faces of the warriors who followed him to reflect their protective capacities. The well-known white stripe across the face and over the nose, and the red dot or circle on the forehead were Geronimo's personal war paint pattern which can be seen on some of his warriors in the photos taken of them before their last surrender.
After years of chasing, Geronimo officially surrendered to General Miles on September 4, 1886 at Skeleton Canyon, Arizona.
Geronimo and other warriors were sent as prisoners to Fort Pickens, Florida, and his family was sent to Fort Marion. They were reunited in May 1887, when they were transferred to Mount Vernon Barracks in Alabama for five years. In 1894, they were moved to Fort Sill, Oklahoma. In his old age, Geronimo became a celebrity. He appeared at fairs, including the 1904 World's Fair in St. Louis, and sold souvenirs and photographs of himself. However, he was not allowed to return to the land of his birth. He also rode in President Theodore Roosevelt's 1905 inaugural parade.
Geronimo died of pneumonia on February 17, 1909, in US custody at Fort Sill, Oklahoma, and was buried at the Apache Indian Prisoner of War Cemetery there.
Cochise: was one of the most famous Apache leaders (along with Geronimo) to resist intrusions by Americans during the 19th century. He was described as a large man (for the time), with a muscular frame, classical features, and long black hair which he wore in traditional Apache style. Cochise's family currently resides at Mescalero Apache Reservation, New Mexico
Mangas Coloradas:(His name means red sleeves): Mangas was a war leader; he began a series of revenge raids against the Mexicans. He was an Apache tribal chief and a member of the Eastern Chiricahua nation, whose homeland stretched west from the Rio Grande to include most of what is present-day southwestern New Mexico. He is regarded by many historians to be one of the most important Native American and Apache leaders of the 19th century due to his fighting achievements against White intruders from the United States.
Victorio:
Victorio was another famous Apache. In his twenties, he began to ride with Geronimo and other Apache leaders. Victorio was known as an intelligent and feared fighter. He proved his military cunning by leading small groups of warriors - often consisting of no more than 35 to 50 fighters - in triumphant resistance to American and Mexican troops. In October of 1880 he was eventually captured by Mexican soldiers at Tres Castillos in the state of Chihuahua in Mexico. Killing himself, rather than letting his enemies take him alive, Victorio left behind the legacy of his resistance to the forced movement of Native Americans onto reservations.
Lozen: (Victorio's sister)
As one of the greatest female fighters of all time, Lozen was the bravest Apache maiden. Because she was the sister of the great Victorio, she was given more freedom than many of the other Apache women to do what she wanted. So, as a girl, Lozen learned to ride and rope as well as any of the men, and she soon gained the reputation as the best horse-handler in the tribe. It was this skill that made Lozen so valuable in battle. One of the most important objectives of the Apache raids was to steal the horses of the enemy, and Lozen was a master at stampeding and capturing the panicked animals during the heat of battle.
Off the battlefield, she also became respected as a loyal protector of her people. One legend tells of the time that she was stranded with a young mother and child in enemy territory, and, rather than ride away to safety, spent months guarding the pair and leading them back to safer soil. As Lozen aged, she became an acknowledged leader of the tribe, and her opinion was particularly respected in matters related to upcoming battle plans.
Hunting
The Apache hunted many different animals. Their main sources were bison, rabbits, and deer. They would do something like a horse drive- by, riding on horses while hitting them with spears and arrows. They ate the meat and used the skin for bedding and tepees.Deer were the hardest to kill. They would crawl through tall grass or weeds and swiftly kill several deer before the deer could react. The flesh was packed and dried and would stay preserved for many months, while the skin was soaked with water and ashes to be made soft for clothing.
By rivers many wild turkeys lived. They would ride in and herd the turkeys and then kill them with short spears or hunting clubs. They could get several turkeys at once, as many as their horse could carry.
Their horses were also trained to follow a rabbit at warp speed and then the Indian would hit it with a club and kill it. They were used for meat but not hunted often due to their small size.
Though many fish lived in the rivers, the Apache did not eat them. They were thought to be unclean along with snakes and amphibians, so they were used as target practice =(
They also hunted eagles which were very hard to hunt because of their sharp eyes and wings. They had to be sneaky and quiet because an eagle did not stay in the same place for a very long time unless it had a good view of the surrounding landscape, so they had to kill it quickly with a spear or arrow. The feathers were used in arrows and the eagle was an essential animal in Apache life.
Bears and mountain lions were also hunted for meat and skins. There was no great risk in killing them and most of them were killed with arrows or spears.
Annotated Bibliography
Books from the Classroom:
Englar, Mary. The Apache: Nomadic Hunters of the Southwest. Capstone Press, 2003. This book is a good book for hunting information, but it didn’t have much on warfare.
Gaines, Richard M. The Apache. ABDO Publishing, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 2000. I actually found this book at the SCIS library. This book was a great resource. Great information on all areas of Apache life and easy to read with good pictures. It had the best picture of weapons- including the Apache war club!
McCall, Barbara A. The Apaches. Rourke Publications, Vero Beach, Florida, 1990. This one had enough info on the Apache wars, and it was a good book .
Santella, Andrew. The Apache. Children’s Press, New York, 2001. This was a good overview, but needs more on warfare.
Worth, Richard. The Apache. Berkeley Heights, Elementary, 2005. This book told me about the Apache history and about their customs. It was also where I learned about the statue called 'Comrade in Mourning'. This book has tons of stuff on Apache war and weapons!
Websites:
General Apache Information
http://impurplehawk.com/aplife.html This website has excellent information from an actual Apache Indian about his daily life and his tribe's games, rituals, and hunting. I would recommend this to Vico. It has information on how he killed animals and how to play numerous games.http://www.desertusa.com/ind1/du_peo_apache.html Good information about what we know and what is still a mystery about the Apaches. Plus, a really detailed description of different Apache groups.
http://www.answers.com/topic/apache This site has information about everything Apache. This had a great section on hunting- but only 2 sentences on trading and raiding!
http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/society/A0804326.html This site explains what people are considered part of the Apache Nation and which people are not. It also tells you where they lived, plus general stuff about who the Apache were. I learned that The Navajo were once part of the Western Apache.
http://www.crystalinks.com/apache.html Map and description of different groups in the Apache Nation.
http://nativeamericans.mrdonn.org/southwest/apache.html Great information for kids about the Apache in general and Geronimo. Even some Apache games!
http://www.regenerationreservation.org/reghistory.htm Overview of Apache history of battles and reservations. I used the beginning of this article to figure out if Navajo were part of the Apache. It says they decided on a different way of life and became separate from the Apaches.
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Apache This site has information about everything Apache. It is a giant encyclopedia article.
http://genealogytrails.com/ariz/indians.html This site tries to trace who were the Apaches and their sub-groups. Some really good information about their social customs.. But too hard to read!
http://www.discoverseaz.com/History/Apaches.html This site had some good quotes from John Cremony’s famous 1868 book called Life among the Apaches. He tells great details of how they hunted and fought enemies.
http://www.legendsofamerica.com/nm-fortbayard.html This was an old fort set up to stop the Indians. I looked it up because Victorio attacked it.
http://www.forttours.com/pages/forthuachuca.asp Another fort set up in Arizona to protect against Indian attacks. This is the place where General Miles lived- Geronimo surrender to him. It has good museum where you can see artifacts too.
http://www.indigenous-art.com/apacheinfo.html General information about who the Apache were.
http://www.kingdomflight.org/apacheInfo.htm Overview of the White Mountain Apache, and what has happened to them today. I used this for general idea of who Apache were. This site wants you to help them.
http://www.watchtower.org/e/19980308/article_01.htm How the Apache have suffered and how to help them today. Interesting part about whether they ever scalped or whether they did it first.
http://www.indiancircle.com/links.shtml Lists tribes recognized by the US government and those that have websites. I used this to see how many Apache group are out there and to go to their websites.
http://www.wmat.us/wmaculture.shtml An Apache museum.
http://www.archive.org/details/lifeamongapaches00cremrich Summary of probably the greatest book ever written about the Apache except the one by Geronimo himself. This site has a summary of John Cremony’s 1868 book Life among the Apaches.
http://www.mce.k12tn.net/indians/reports2/apache2.htm This site was made by other 5 and 6th graders at another school so maybe it is not that great. They did not fill in the tools and weapons part ! But they did say the Apache did not have horses before 1700 which is what I was looking hard for.
Hunting
http://www.texasindians.com/apach.htm Information about the Lipan Apaches subgroup- Good information about their hunting.Famous Apaches
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/WWgeromino.htm Information about Geronimohttp://www.discoverseaz.com/History/Apaches.html Great site about Apache using camouflage and Mangas Coloradas
http://www.greatdreams.com/apache/apache-tribe.htm General overview- good info on warriors, links.. I found this looking for Apache symbols for my poster board.
http://www.linecamp.com/museums/americanwest/western_names/cochise/cochise.html Information about Cochise, a warrior.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Wikipedia has tons of stuff on info on famous people. I recommend this website to anybody who is working on a famous person.
http://www.answers.com/topic/geronimo All about Geronimo- his military accomplishments and his biography.
http://www.linecamp.com/museums/americanwest/western_names/geronimo/geronimo.html Information on Geronimo, a warrior.
http://www.lozen.net/ Information about Lozen, woman warrior.
http://www.impurplehawk.com/mangas.html Information about Mangas Coloradas, warrior.
Weapons/Fighting Techniques
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Apache_scout All about being an Apache scout!http://www.ehow.com/about_4571617_weapons-used-apache-indians.html I don’t know if all the information on this website is correct- it seems like it was written by someone like me.. but it did have things I was trying to find out- like 1> Did Apaches always have horses? and 2> Did they scalp? No and no it says.
http://www.blayshalla.com/Blaise/archives/apachearticle/apache.htm Really good detail about weapons and warfare techniques.
http://ehistory.freeservers.com/vol2/Arrow%20Wounds.htm Great details about deadly arrow wounds and poison arrow tips for warfare!
Indian Wars
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Indian_Wars I used this site to look up all the dates and places of the different Indian Warshttp://www.answers.com/topic/indian-wars I used this to find out what are the “Indian Wars”.
Photos/Clipart
http://www.firstpeople.us/FP-Html-Clipart/NativeClipart_pg1.html Clipart and other Native American Art.http://www.aaanativearts.com/apache/apache_culture.htm Photos, links and weapons and art to buy.
http://www.alltribes.com/Weapons-c-286.html More pictures of native American art including weapons and tools
http://www.old-picture.com/apache-index-001.htm
http://www.clipartstation.com/clipart_indexer4/index?id=6806&page=1 Real pictures of Apache people.
http://www.cumbavac.org/Native_American.htm tons of native American sites- plus clipart.
http://www.firstpeople.us/FP-Html-Clipart/NativeClipart_pg1.html Clipart and other Native American Art.
http://www.indiansummer.com/symbol.htm chart of some Native American symbols to decorate our poster
http://www.american-native-art.com/publication/apache/apache.html Photos of Native American replicas to buy, plus a big page on Apache.
http://collectibles.shop.ebay.com/items/Weapons__W0QQ_armrsZ1QQ_mdoZCollectiblesQQ_msppZQQ_pcatsZ150009Q2c713Q2c3913Q2c1QQ_sacatZ150028 I used eBay to look for replicas of Apache weapons. I found a photo of a poisoned arrowhead for sale!
http://www.alltribes.com/Weapons-c-286.html More pictures of native American art including weapons and tools
http://www.firstpeople.us/FP-Html-Clipart/NativeClipart_pg1.html Clipart and other Native American Art.
http://replicagunsswords.com/weapons_gallery/home.php?cat=15 Photos of old west guns